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Most ancient civilizations flourished in river valleys and flood plains. So when the digging for construction of a railway line in Northwestern British India revealed remains of an ancient civilization, archaeologists were not very surprised! Since the first two sites found were Harappa, and Mohen-jo-Daro, in the vicinity of the river Indus (Sindhu) and it’s tributaries, the civilization came to be known as the Harappa civilization or the Indus valley civilization.
Detailed excavations at these sites revealed that these indeed were huge cities with remains of several layers of city living, with the latest layers dated from around 2000 years before Christ, and the oldest, to about 3500 years before Christ.
A View of Mohen-jo-Daro
Detailed excavations at these sites revealed that these indeed were huge cities with remains of several layers of city living, with the latest layers dated from around 2000 years before Christ, and the oldest, to about 3500 years before Christ.
The cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, as well as other smaller sites that were found later on, were very well planned with streets running at right angles, and laid with burnt bricks. The cities and had a sanitary system of well connected drains to carry the waste from every house. The sites from this civilization occupied a vast area spread across in an area that now corresponds to parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. 19th century Indologists and archaeologists postulated that invading nomads from central Asia brought this civilization to an abrupt end, since most the sites showed a decline around about 1800-1500 BC, with no continued habitation in those locations.
As more sites were found by archaeologists, they observed something strange found more and more sites, they found a strange thing. A vast majority of them were in the area that now comprises of the Thar desert, far from the Sindhu (Indus) river system of Punjab, but along a dry river bed, what is now called as the Hakra or Ghaggar river. The Ghaggar is a seasonal stream which flows for a few months and which ultimately dries up in the desert without reaching the sea! This was a perplexing indeed.
For the solution of this problem, we have to go to ancient Indian texts called Vedas. Veda means Knowledge, derived from the verb, vid – to know, are the oldest poems in this world that are still extant. The Vedas, instead of talking about the five rivers of Punjab, spoke about “sapta sindhu” or the seven rivers, and the most important river among the seven was Saraswathi. The Rig Veda called Saraswati the “ Most beloved of mothers, the mightiest of all rivers, and the best among Goddesses.” It is also described as a river flowing from the Himalaya mountains to the ocean. But today, the Saraswathi river is a small tributary to the seasonal Ghaggar.
As early as during early 1800s, archaeologists who had found parts of a dry river beds in the desert had postulated a great river must have flown there. interestingly this river bed they had found is the continuation of the Ghaggar, into which the current day Saraswathi river flows as a tributary.
The width of the dry riverbed is generally more than a mile wide, and at places it is as wide as 7-8 miles. But what was the source of the water to fill this huge river? The current source of river Saraswathi could not have provided that vast amount of water!
Now science comes to the rescue: The satellite imagery from the late 20th century has ascertained these earlier observations. These have also confirmed the existence old river beds belonging to two other major rivers, Yamuna, and Satluj which are now part of the Indus and
Ganges river systems, that once flowed into the old bed of now dry Ghaggar.
So what caused the drying up of Ghaggar or the historic Saraswathi? Sometime between the 6000 and 4000 years, due to tectonic movements the rivers Yamuna and Sutlej that were the main feeders for Saraswathi changed course.
The glacier fed Sutlej moved westwards, and started flowing into the Indus river. The other glacier fed tributary of Saraswati, the Yamuna started flowing eastward, into the Ganga river instead of Saraswathi. These events thus deprived Saraswathi a perennial water source.
Probably to support this movement of Yamuna is the common belief held in India even today that the river Saraswathi flows as an invisible river, and joins the Ganga and Yamuna at their confluence at Prayaga (Allahabad).
With this river migration understood, we can easily understand why there are far greater number of archaeological sites in the desert along the dry Saraswathi river compared to the Indus river valley. When the rivers migrated, the people living in the Saraswathi river area had to move to newer locations, and they did so. There is no need to bring in any fictitious “nomads from central Asia” to describe a bloody and sudden ending to the civilization. Indeed a study of later archaeological sites shows that several aspects of the these sites were adapted there as well.
Today, the river Sarswathi may flow from the Himalaya all the way to the ocean. It may have become just a small monsoon rivulet. Or if you go by the popular mindset, the river Saraswathi might have become invisible. But the culture of the people lived on it’s banks is still alive and well! For example, its very easy to find artwork from this civilization, that looks almost the same as some of the artworks created by current day craftsmen and artists! This is but one of the many aspects where such parallels can be drawn.
Given all these facts, it truly befits to call this as the Saraswathi-Sindhu civilization rather than Indus Valley civilization or the Harappa civilization!
-neelanjana
(All photo credits belong to their respective copyright holders)
(p.s: Enough material is available on the Internet about the Saraswathi-Sindhu civilization. Then question may arise why this post 
This was a speech I gave at my Toastmasters Club as part of the “Speaking to Inform” advance speaking manual. The project was : The Speech to Inform)
Who hasn’t heard President Obama’s 2008 electoral pitch – “Yes, We Can”? Although I’m not planning on contesting an elections any soon,I firmly believe in the power of the “Yes, We Can” attitude – Yes, We can, but only if we want it; Yes. We can, only if we persist. Yes. We can, only if we strive for it..
I am reminded of a Samskrta subhashita of Bhartrhari which classifies people into three categories -The people in the lowest rung, who never try because they are scared of failing. The mediocre people who start off with their task, but stop when faced with hurdles and finally those excellent men and women, who despite of being hunted and haunted by troubles and hardships, do not stop in their endeavor, and work towards achieving their goals.
On March 8th, the world celebrated the International Women’s Day.That day, I remembered, Nagamani, a very remarkable woman. Nagamani was born about a century ago in a middle class family in village in south India. As a young girl, she was trained in Indian classical music along with regular schooling. However she wasn’t encouraged to be a performing musician and was married at an young age. To her sorrow, she wasn’t allowed to take the Veena, the musical instrument she was trained on with her because it was considered a family heirloom, one that could only pass to a son. Nagamani moved on to join her husband. Since her husband was a forest officer, that meant she would now live in extremely remote locations, surrounded by the wild and the beautiful but without the music a town life could offer. As a remedy, Nagamani decided to make some of her own, got herself a harmonium and taught herself playing it. She played hours on end, just for herself, and perfected the art.
Life wasn’t a bed of roses for Nagamani: 12 childbirths out of whom 4 did not survive; one of the children became a victim of brain fever and ended up being disabled and needing constant care. But Nagamani did not let go of her music. As the children were growing, she kept playing the harmonium, for herself, and for her kids, and to instill the love of music among them. Years rolled by, and some of her children indeed become performers, something she herself could not do earlier. And her addiction to Indian classical music was passed to many of her grandchildren and great grand children too. She was an example of the “Yes, We can” spirit to engage in activities that are close to our hearts even if there are obstacles on the way.
It’s almost three decades since Nagamani passed away. I was very young then, but I still remember glimpses of her mastery over the keyboard that created wonderful music; and I still carry the love of music that she made a family heirloom. Nagamani, was my grandmother.
Now, let me switch gears to something more contemporary. Susan Spencer Wendel, a journalist left her job as a legal reporter when she was diagnosed with a serious condition called ALS in 2011. The disease left with her muscles dying and now she can barely talk and move her fingers. With her health fast deteriorating, she decided it was time to live the last couple years to the fullest. Last year, she went to the Yukon territories up North to see the northern lights with her best friend. She started writing her memoir typing only with her index finger on her iphone as that was the only functioning finger by then. This memoir, titled “Until I say Good Bye” goes on sale today, March 12th, 2013. Susan is a living example of the “Yes, we can” attitude doing things that we love to do, about in spite of the most grueling hardships.
How many times have we told ourselves that we don’t have time for things we wanted to do or wanted to do better, and blame external factors? “Only if I have more time” – “only if I had more money”, “only if the weather was not so cold” , “only if the neighbours dog didn’t bark so much” – Oh well. I made that last one up. But you get the idea!
Come on, let’s stop making lame excuses and move on! To do things that we really love. To do things that we care about. To do things we enjoy. And to say with pride and satisfaction , “Yes, We Can”.
-neelanjana
(This is the text of a speech I gave at my Toastmaster’s club contest today: March 12th, 2013)
Who hasn’t heard of the Agatha Christie whodunit “The Mousetrap”? It’s running in a London theater for about 60 years. So when I came to know that there was a production of the play being staged at Altarena Playhouse in Alameda, I was really excited. Quite natural, considering that I’m a true Agatha Christie fan.
When I booked the tickets, the lady on the phone insisted that there wasn’t a bad seat in the theater, and there was no need for assigned seating. I took it with a pinch of salt. On the day of the show, I did not want to take any chances, and left early enough to take care of the 40 minute drive with sufficient margin for the mad Friday evening traffic.
Alameda is a town on an island in the San Francisco bay, just across a bridge from Oakland, CA. The moment we entered the town, we were greeted by houses with an old time feel. Not much traffic on the street. When we reached Altarena theater, to my surprise, there was no parking lot for the theater! I parked on one of the side streets and went to the box office to collect our tickets.
The theater is located where where a grocery store operated back in time, when big box stores weren’t the norm. That explains the absence of a parking lot. It seats less than 200 people, and there is no stage! The set in in the middle of the theater with a few rows of seat set on three sides! As I was told, there is not a single bad seat in the theater!
The stage(!) was set in the center or the auditorium. The set depicted a day in 1952. Six guests arrive to a guest house, Monkswell Manor, in rural England.
Unfortunately, the weather Gods are playing bad, and there is a snow storm. And there is a murder in the house! The play deals in events that lead to the murder, and then deciphering the crime to reveal the identity of the killer. And if you’re new to Agatha Christie’s writing, you’d be very much surprised. And you’d be surprised if you had read the original story, “Three Blind Mice” as well, because Agatha Christie has slightly altered the plot, to make things more suitable for stage in this play. Just like in the London version of the play, the audience was asked not to reveal the identity of the killer
Although I’d read the short story, Three Blind Mice , and it’s play version, The Mousetrap before – I enjoyed every moment of this play! The set, costumes, music – everything took us to a different part of the world! Because of the way seats are laid out, I felt being a part of the play, rather than being in the audience!
This was very well produced, to say the least .
Looks like this place puts on excellent plays, an hopefully, I will catch some of the future show’s at Altarena. If you’re a theater buff in the San Francisco bay area, I suggest you to watch their page, for a very different theater experience.
Did you ask if there is a movie version of this play? No there isn’t. Originally when the play was produced, the contract said it could not be made into a movie until 3 months after the last stage show. Well, the stage shows haven’t stopped since 1952, and it might be a long wait if you want to see the movie version, looking the way it’s still going strong. So what’s your next best bet? Keep checking local productions, to see if anyone is staging The Mousetrap in your area!
Since the music season is upon us, here is old one: a list of tweets I’ve been posted on Twitter earlier.
A few of them may be lame, some of them repeats but hopefully good for a read!
I should acknowledge some of these are from my ideas of my friends too.
Some knowledge of Samskrta and/or Kannada might help.
Q: Name a raga that is liked by male snakes
A: PunnaagavarALi ’ಪು’ನ್ನಾಗವರಾಳಿ
Q: Name a raga that is sung by snakes
A: nAgadhwani
Q: Name one raga that can be played even in a ‘broken’ instrument?
A: ‘bhinna’ shaDja
Q: Which raga is the favorite for hypnotists?
A: Mohana
Q: Which is a raga that might be liked by a street seller?
A: ‘mAruva’ dhanyAsi ’cause it has the word ‘sell’ in it :
Q: Which is the best raga to sing on November 1st?
A: Kannada
Q: Which raga is best to sing in a Court?
A: Darbar
Q: Which raga is very aptly sung during the Fall season?
A: Hemanta
Q: Which raga is apt to sing in the spring season ?
A: Vasanta
Q:Which is the best raga to sing on a road?
A: bahu’dAri’ ಬಹು’ದಾರಿ’
Q: What is a really funny tALa?
A:Mathya tALa, Because it goes like: LOL. One laghu (l),one drta(o), followed by laghu(l) (Courtesy @p6)
Q: Which raga most film makers can’t do without?
A: Nayaki
Q: Which is the raga bore well diggers sing?
A: tODi
Q: Which raga do folks from Norway, Sweden or Iceland wish for during their long winter days?
A: Suryakanta
Q:Which is the favorite raga for KPC (Karnataka Power Corportation) employees?
A:Sharavati ಶರಾವತಿ
Q: Which is the raga liked by those working in armed forces?
A: Senagrani, a.k.a. Senapati/Senavati
Q: Which raga do theater artists like best ?
A: Nataka Priya
Q: Which raaga do school teachers hate most?
A: Kaapi
Q: ಚಿಕ್ಕಮಗಳೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಕೇಳಿಬರೋ ರಾಗ ಯಾವುದು? Which is the raga often heard in Chikkamagalooru town?
A: ಕಾಪಿ Kaapi
(Chikkamagalooru is a big producer of Coffee in India)
Q: Which is the favorite raga of thieves?
A: Takka
Q: Name two ragas observational astronomers dislike most?
A: Suryakanta, Purnachandrika
Q: Which raga amateur astronomers hate most?
A: Chandrajyoti
Q: Which raga does a high school physics teacher like most?
A: Andolika
(Andolika = pendulum)
Q: Which raga do they sing at an Ayyangar Bakery?
A: Vansapati
Q: Name 3 of the most favorite ragas for astronomers?
A: mangaLakaishiki, budhamanohari, gurupriya
Q: Which raga did P T Usha listen to before her athletic events?
A: Vegavahini
Q: Why was the musician’s wife angry?
Q:Because he sang “ni mama dapa, ni mapa dapa, nee dapa’
( for non-kannadigas – this means “your mom is obese, your dad is obese, you’re obese)
Q: Which is the favourite raga of ENT specialists ?
A: There are two : Karnaranjani and Nasikabhooshani
Q: Which raaga did Gouthama Buddhya sing in Bodh Gaya under the pipal tree?
A: “Calm” Bodhi
Q: Which ragas does Abhinav Bhindra listen to before his gold medal?
A: Mararanjani, Charukeshi, Sarasangi, Harikambhoji, Shankarabharana & Naganandini ( May be a bit technical)
Q: Which is the best raga to sing on a solar eclipse day?
A: Ravichandrika
Q: Name the most favored raga at Procter and Gamble?
A: Dhavalambari
Q: Which ragas should not be sung by people suffering from allergies, asthma etc?
A: Vasantha, hindolavasanta, vasantabhairavi etc
Q: Which are Shiva’s favorite ragas?
A: Gouri and Gangatarangini
If you haven’t read earlier, here is an old post of mine, with my memories of a music season I attended.
Lot of water has flown through Kaveri, but I am glad some things have not changed!
Enjoy the music season.
-neelanjana
Ever wondered what would you see on a Full Moon day, if you were on the Moon?
Answer: It depends.
It depends on where you are standing on the Moon. If you are on the far side of the Moon that is always turned away from the Earth, then you would be standing in the lunar night. Pretty much you’d see what you would see from Earth in a dark night sky. Except that there won’t be the Moon. And of course, there won’t be Earth too, because you are on the far side.
If you are on the near side of the Moon that always faces the Earth, then it is your daytime! So you would see the Sun, and you’d see a New Earth – which actually can’t be seen, unless of course, it is a solar eclipse occurring at your location on the Moon (which in turn means it is a lunar eclipse for your friends on the Earth).
Since there is no atmosphere, and no dispersion of light, you could see stars and planets, if you can somehow block the sunlight!
Stellarium makes it easy to visualize that. Here is a screenshot from a time few hours from now, when the Moon appears full for earthlings.
View-from-the-moon
You can see the “New Earth” pretty close to the Sun, but not close enough to cause an eclipse. As an aside, there are three planets, and parts of three constellations of the zodiac visible in the screen shot. Click on the image for a better view.
Any guesses?
-neelanjana
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